ABSTRACT
Objective: To investigate the effects of PM2.5 exposure at different stages of early life on the prefrontal cortex of offspring rats. Methods: Twelve pregnant SD rats were randomly divided into four groups: Control group (CG), Maternal pregnancy exposure group (MG), Early postnatal exposure group (EP) and Perinatal period exposure group (PP), 3 rats in each group. The pregnant and offspring rats were exposed to clean air or 8-fold concentrated PM2.5. MG was exposed from gestational day (GD) 1 to GD21. EP was exposed from postnatal day (PND) 1 to PND21, and PP was exposed from GD1 to PND21. After exposure, the prefrontal cortex of 6 offspring rats in each group was analyzed. HE staining was used to observe the pathological damage in the prefrontal cortex. ELISA was employed to detect neuroinflammatory factors, and HPLC/MSC was applied to determine neurotransmitter content. Western blot and colorimetry were applied for detecting astrocyte markers and oxidative stress markers, respectively. Results: Compared with MG and CG, the pathological changes of prefrontal cortex in PP and EP were more obvious. Compared with MG and CG, the neuroinflammatory factors (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α) in PP and EP were increased significantly (P＜0.01), the level of MT were decreased significantly (P＜0.05), and the level of oxytocin (OT) showed a downward trend; the level of neurotransmitter ACh was also increased significantly (P＜0.01). Compared with MG and CG, the GFAP level of PP and EP showed an upward trend, the level of oxidative stress index SOD in PP and EP was decreased significantly (P＜0.01), and the level of ROS was increased significantly (P＜0.01). Compared with the offspring rats of CG and MG, the CAT level of PP was decreased significantly (P＜0.01, P＜0.05). Compared with the offspring rats of CG, the CAT level of EP was decreased significantly (P＜0.05). There was no significant difference in IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, MT, OT, ACh, GFAP, SOD, ROS and CAT levels between PP and EP, or MG and CG. Conclusion: PM2.5 exposure in early life has adverse effects on the prefrontal cortex of offspring male rats, and early birth exposure may be more sensitive.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Pregnancy , Rats , Interleukin-1/pharmacology , Interleukin-6 , Neurotransmitter Agents , Particulate Matter/toxicity , Prefrontal Cortex , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Reactive Oxygen Species , Superoxide Dismutase , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Natural products have played an important role in drug discovery. Today, therapeutics from natural origin count for about 70% of the worldwide human therapeutic sales. For anti-infective treatment even higher figures are reported. This review describes antibacterial and antifungal natural products, semi-synthetic natural products and natural product derived compounds undergoing clinical evaluation or registration from 1998 to end of 2005. In addition, natural product derived drugs launched since 1998 are also discussed in this review.
Subject(s)
Humans , Anti-Bacterial Agents , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Antifungal Agents , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Biological Products , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Drug Resistance, Microbial , Drugs, Investigational , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Echinocandins , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Molecular Structure , Polyenes , Chemistry , PharmacologyABSTRACT
This paper describes natural products, semi-synthetic natural products and natural product-derived compounds used for treating antiparasitic, antiviral and neurological disease that were being evaluated in clinical trials or in registration from 1998 to the end of 2005.
Subject(s)
Humans , Alkaloids , Therapeutic Uses , Antiparasitic Agents , Therapeutic Uses , Antiviral Agents , Therapeutic Uses , Biological Products , Therapeutic Uses , Clinical Trials as Topic , Nervous System Diseases , Drug TherapyABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To design and synthesize a series of squamosamide cyclic analogues and to test their antioxidation activity.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Eleven 3-substituted indole-2-one derivatives were designed and synthesized through 9 steps with p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid as the starting material and their structures were confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Eleven compounds showed antioxidation activity and the activities of compounds 9 and 13 matches the positive control FLZ-52.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Cyclic reconstruction with FLZ-52 as the lead compound have some antioxidation activity.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Annonaceae , Chemistry , Antioxidants , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Benzeneacetamides , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Phenols , Chemistry , PharmacologyABSTRACT
The alkaloid ecteinascidin-743, isolated from the marine tunicate Ecteinascidia turbinata, binds to DNA and induces cytotoxic effects in several tumors. The drug is being codeveloped by Pharma Mar and Ortho Biotech. In May 2001 and October 2003, it was granted orphan drug status by the European Commission for soft tissue sarcoma and ovarian cancer, respectively. This paper reviews its research progress, including chemical synthesis, in vitro studies and mechanism of action, antitumor activity in vivo, toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and clinical studies.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating , Pharmacokinetics , Pharmacology , Toxicity , Dioxoles , Pharmacokinetics , Pharmacology , Toxicity , Isoquinolines , Pharmacokinetics , Pharmacology , Toxicity , TetrahydroisoquinolinesABSTRACT
<p><b>AIM</b>To design and synthesize a series of new taxoids with a 5-O-sidechain, and to test the multi-drug resistant reversal activity of these compound on KB/V200 cells which is 180 times more resistant to vincristine.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Using Sinenxan A as a common synthetic starting material, three different types of 5-O-sidechain molecules were synthesized through different route. For type I compounds, 14-acetoxy of Sinenxan A was selectively removed by hydrolysis, xanthation and reduction with tributyltin; A C-10-oxo group was introduced by PCC oxidation; 5-O-acetyl group was selectively removed by potassium tert-butoxide and finally the side chain was introduced by acylating with the corresponding acid. For type II compounds, 5-O-sidechain was introduced to the 5-deacetyl Sinenxan A which was obtained by selective hydrolysis with tBuOK. For type III compounds, 9-acetoxy group was introduced, then 5-OH was left free by thorough hydrolysis and reacetylation. Acylation at 5-position, the final product was obtained. Structure of the compounds have been confirmed by FABMS and 2DNMR. The activity of the compounds in vitro was tested on KB/V200 resistant cell line using MTT method.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Nine compounds showed resistant reversal activity and enhancing the cytotoxicity of vicristine against KB/V200 cells. Compounds I2, I3, I4 restored the sensitivity of KB/V200 towards vicristine to a level of IC50 at 1 x 10(-8) mol.L-1 which is better than the positive control Verapamil.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The drug resistant reversal activity of taxane derivatives can be affected by substitution at different positions and the length of side chains of Sinenxan A. It is worthy to be further studied.</p>